Redmine

# encoding: utf-8

#

# Redmine - project management software

# Copyright (C) 2006-2012  Jean-Philippe Lang

#

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or

# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License

# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2

# of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

#

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

# GNU General Public License for more details.

#

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software

# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.

require 'iconv'

require 'fpdf/chinese'

require 'fpdf/japanese'

require 'fpdf/korean'

require 'core/rmagick'

module Redmine

  module Export

    module PDF

      include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper

      include ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper

      include IssuesHelper

      class ITCPDF < TCPDF

        include Redmine::I18n

        attr_accessor :footer_date

        def initialize(lang)

          @@k_path_cache = Rails.root.join('tmp', 'pdf')

          FileUtils.mkdir_p @@k_path_cache unless File::exist?(@@k_path_cache)

          set_language_if_valid lang

          pdf_encoding = l(:general_pdf_encoding).upcase

          super('P', 'mm', 'A4', (pdf_encoding == 'UTF-8'), pdf_encoding)

          case current_language.to_s.downcase

          when 'vi'

            @font_for_content = 'DejaVuSans'

            @font_for_footer  = 'DejaVuSans'

          else

            case pdf_encoding

            when 'UTF-8'

              @font_for_content = 'FreeSans'

              @font_for_footer  = 'FreeSans'

            when 'CP949'

              extend(PDF_Korean)

              AddUHCFont()

              @font_for_content = 'UHC'

              @font_for_footer  = 'UHC'

            when 'CP932', 'SJIS', 'SHIFT_JIS'

              extend(PDF_Japanese)

              AddSJISFont()

              @font_for_content = 'SJIS'

              @font_for_footer  = 'SJIS'

            when 'GB18030'

              extend(PDF_Chinese)

              AddGBFont()

              @font_for_content = 'GB'

              @font_for_footer  = 'GB'

            when 'BIG5'

              extend(PDF_Chinese)

              AddBig5Font()

              @font_for_content = 'Big5'

              @font_for_footer  = 'Big5'

            else

              @font_for_content = 'Arial'

              @font_for_footer  = 'Helvetica'

            end

          end

          SetCreator(Redmine::Info.app_name)

          SetFont(@font_for_content)

          @outlines = []

          @outlineRoot = nil

        end

        def SetFontStyle(style, size)

          SetFont(@font_for_content, style, size)

        end

        def SetTitle(txt)

          txt = begin

            utf16txt = Iconv.conv('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', txt)

            hextxt = "<FEFF"  # FEFF is BOM

            hextxt << utf16txt.unpack("C*").map {|x| sprintf("%02X",x) }.join

            hextxt << ">"

          rescue

            txt

          end || ''

          super(txt)

        end

        def textstring(s)

          # Format a text string

          if s =~ /^</  # This means the string is hex-dumped.

            return s

          else

            return '('+escape(s)+')'

          end

        end

        def fix_text_encoding(txt)

          RDMPdfEncoding::rdm_from_utf8(txt, l(:general_pdf_encoding))

        end

        def RDMCell(w ,h=0, txt='', border=0, ln=0, align='', fill=0, link='')

          Cell(w, h, fix_text_encoding(txt), border, ln, align, fill, link)

        end

        def RDMMultiCell(w, h=0, txt='', border=0, align='', fill=0, ln=1)

          MultiCell(w, h, fix_text_encoding(txt), border, align, fill, ln)

        end

        def RDMwriteHTMLCell(w, h, x, y, txt='', attachments=[], border=0, ln=1, fill=0)

          @attachments = attachments

          writeHTMLCell(w, h, x, y,

            fix_text_encoding(

              Redmine::WikiFormatting.to_html(Setting.text_formatting, txt)),

            border, ln, fill)

        end

        def getImageFilename(attrname)

          # attrname: general_pdf_encoding string file/uri name

          atta = RDMPdfEncoding.attach(@attachments, attrname, l(:general_pdf_encoding))

          if atta

            return atta.diskfile

          else

            return nil

          end

        end

        def Footer

          SetFont(@font_for_footer, 'I', 8)

          SetY(-15)

          SetX(15)

          RDMCell(0, 5, @footer_date, 0, 0, 'L')

          SetY(-15)

          SetX(-30)

          RDMCell(0, 5, PageNo().to_s + '/{nb}', 0, 0, 'C')

        end

        def Bookmark(txt, level=0, y=0)

          if (y == -1)

            y = GetY()

          end

          @outlines << {:t => txt, :l => level, :p => PageNo(), :y => (@h - y)*@k}

        end

        def bookmark_title(txt)

          txt = begin

            utf16txt = Iconv.conv('UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8', txt)

            hextxt = "<FEFF"  # FEFF is BOM

            hextxt << utf16txt.unpack("C*").map {|x| sprintf("%02X",x) }.join

            hextxt << ">"

          rescue

            txt

          end || ''

        end

        def putbookmarks

          nb=@outlines.size

          return if (nb==0)

          lru=[]

          level=0

          @outlines.each_with_index do |o, i|

            if(o[:l]>0)

              parent=lru[o[:l]-1]

              #Set parent and last pointers

              @outlines[i][:parent]=parent

              @outlines[parent][:last]=i

              if (o[:l]>level)

                #Level increasing: set first pointer

                @outlines[parent][:first]=i

              end

            else

              @outlines[i][:parent]=nb

            end

            if (o[:l]<=level && i>0)

              #Set prev and next pointers

              prev=lru[o[:l]]

              @outlines[prev][:next]=i

              @outlines[i][:prev]=prev

            end

            lru[o[:l]]=i

            level=o[:l]

          end

          #Outline items

          n=self.n+1

          @outlines.each_with_index do |o, i|

            newobj()

            out('<</Title '+bookmark_title(o[:t]))

            out("/Parent #{n+o[:parent]} 0 R")

            if (o[:prev])

              out("/Prev #{n+o[:prev]} 0 R")

            end

            if (o[:next])

              out("/Next #{n+o[:next]} 0 R")

            end

            if (o[:first])

              out("/First #{n+o[:first]} 0 R")

            end

            if (o[:last])

              out("/Last #{n+o[:last]} 0 R")

            end

            out("/Dest [%d 0 R /XYZ 0 %.2f null]" % [1+2*o[:p], o[:y]])

            out('/Count 0>>')

            out('endobj')

          end

          #Outline root

          newobj()

          @outlineRoot=self.n

          out("<</Type /Outlines /First #{n} 0 R");

          out("/Last #{n+lru[0]} 0 R>>");

          out('endobj');

        end

        def putresources()

          super

          putbookmarks()

        end

        def putcatalog()

          super

          if(@outlines.size > 0)

            out("/Outlines #{@outlineRoot} 0 R");

            out('/PageMode /UseOutlines');

          end

        end

      end

      # fetch row values

      def fetch_row_values(issue, query, level)

        query.columns.collect do |column|

          s = if column.is_a?(QueryCustomFieldColumn)

            cv = issue.custom_field_values.detect {|v| v.custom_field_id == column.custom_field.id}

            show_value(cv)

          else

            value = issue.send(column.name)

            if column.name == :subject

              value = "  " * level + value

            end

            if value.is_a?(Date)

              format_date(value)

            elsif value.is_a?(Time)

              format_time(value)

            else

              value

            end

          end

          s.to_s

        end

      end

      # calculate columns width

      def calc_col_width(issues, query, table_width, pdf)

        # calculate statistics

        #  by captions

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',8)

        col_padding = pdf.GetStringWidth('OO')

        col_width_min = query.columns.map {|v| pdf.GetStringWidth(v.caption) + col_padding}

        col_width_max = Array.new(col_width_min)

        col_width_avg = Array.new(col_width_min)

        word_width_max = query.columns.map {|c|

          n = 10

          c.caption.split.each {|w|

            x = pdf.GetStringWidth(w) + col_padding

            n = x if n < x

          }

          n

        }

        #  by properties of issues

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',8)

        col_padding = pdf.GetStringWidth('OO')

        k = 1

        issue_list(issues) {|issue, level|

          k += 1

          values = fetch_row_values(issue, query, level)

          values.each_with_index {|v,i|

            n = pdf.GetStringWidth(v) + col_padding

            col_width_max[i] = n if col_width_max[i] < n

            col_width_min[i] = n if col_width_min[i] > n

            col_width_avg[i] += n

            v.split.each {|w|

              x = pdf.GetStringWidth(w) + col_padding

              word_width_max[i] = x if word_width_max[i] < x

            }

          }

        }

        col_width_avg.map! {|x| x / k}

        # calculate columns width

        ratio = table_width / col_width_avg.inject(0) {|s,w| s += w}

        col_width = col_width_avg.map {|w| w * ratio}

        # correct max word width if too many columns

        ratio = table_width / word_width_max.inject(0) {|s,w| s += w}

        word_width_max.map! {|v| v * ratio} if ratio < 1

        # correct and lock width of some columns

        done = 1

        col_fix = []

        col_width.each_with_index do |w,i|

          if w > col_width_max[i]

            col_width[i] = col_width_max[i]

            col_fix[i] = 1

            done = 0

          elsif w < word_width_max[i]

            col_width[i] = word_width_max[i]

            col_fix[i] = 1

            done = 0

          else

            col_fix[i] = 0

          end

        end

        # iterate while need to correct and lock coluns width

        while done == 0

          # calculate free & locked columns width

          done = 1

          fix_col_width = 0

          free_col_width = 0

          col_width.each_with_index do |w,i|

            if col_fix[i] == 1

              fix_col_width += w

            else

              free_col_width += w

            end

          end

          # calculate column normalizing ratio

          if free_col_width == 0

            ratio = table_width / col_width.inject(0) {|s,w| s += w}

          else

            ratio = (table_width - fix_col_width) / free_col_width

          end

          # correct columns width

          col_width.each_with_index do |w,i|

            if col_fix[i] == 0

              col_width[i] = w * ratio

              # check if column width less then max word width

              if col_width[i] < word_width_max[i]

                col_width[i] = word_width_max[i]

                col_fix[i] = 1

                done = 0

              elsif col_width[i] > col_width_max[i]

                col_width[i] = col_width_max[i]

                col_fix[i] = 1

                done = 0

              end

            end

          end

        end

        col_width

      end

      def render_table_header(pdf, query, col_width, row_height, col_id_width, table_width)

        # headers

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',8)

        pdf.SetFillColor(230, 230, 230)

        # render it background to find the max height used

        base_x = pdf.GetX

        base_y = pdf.GetY

        max_height = issues_to_pdf_write_cells(pdf, query.columns, col_width, row_height, true)

        pdf.Rect(base_x, base_y, table_width + col_id_width, max_height, 'FD');

        pdf.SetXY(base_x, base_y);

        # write the cells on page

        pdf.RDMCell(col_id_width, row_height, "#", "T", 0, 'C', 1)

        issues_to_pdf_write_cells(pdf, query.columns, col_width, row_height, true)

        issues_to_pdf_draw_borders(pdf, base_x, base_y, base_y + max_height, col_id_width, col_width)

        pdf.SetY(base_y + max_height);

        # rows

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',8)

        pdf.SetFillColor(255, 255, 255)

      end

      def issues_to_pdf_dispatch(issues, project, query)

        # export_type is filled by view template thanks to spec_format_link_to

        (params['outputType'] == 'full') ? issues_to_pdf_full(issues, project, query) : issues_to_pdf(issues, project, query)

      end

      def issues_to_pdf_full(issues, project, query)

        pdf = ITCPDF.new(current_language)

        ## pdf = IFPDF.new(current_language)

        title = query.new_record? ? l(:label_issue_plural) : query.name

        title = "#{project} - #{title}" if project

	    breakMargin = pdf.GetBreakMargin

        issues_to_pdf_header(pdf, title, issues, project, query)

        issues_to_pdf_content(pdf, title, issues, project, query)

        pdf.SetAutoPageBreak(true, breakMargin)

        issues.each do |issue|

          issue_to_pdf_content(pdf, issue)

        end

        pdf.Output

     end

      # Returns a PDF string of a list of issues

      def issues_to_pdf(issues, project, query)

        pdf = ITCPDF.new(current_language)

        title = query.new_record? ? l(:label_issue_plural) : query.name

        title = "#{project} - #{title}" if project

        issues_to_pdf_header(pdf, title, issues, project, query)

        issues_to_pdf_content(pdf, title, issues, project, query)

        pdf.Output

      end

      def issues_to_pdf_header(pdf, title, issues, project, query)

        pdf.SetTitle(title)

        pdf.alias_nb_pages

        pdf.footer_date = format_date(Date.today)

        pdf.SetAutoPageBreak(false)

      end

      def issues_to_pdf_content(pdf, title, issues, project, query)

        pdf.AddPage("L")

        # Landscape A4 = 210 x 297 mm

        page_height   = 210

        page_width    = 297

        right_margin  = 10

        bottom_margin = 20

        col_id_width  = 10

        row_height    = 4

        # column widths

        table_width = page_width - right_margin - 10  # fixed left margin

        col_width = []

        unless query.columns.empty?

          col_width = calc_col_width(issues, query, table_width - col_id_width, pdf)

          table_width = col_width.inject(0) {|s,v| s += v}

        end

        # title

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',11)

        pdf.RDMCell(190,10, title)

        pdf.Ln

        render_table_header(pdf, query, col_width, row_height, col_id_width, table_width)

        previous_group = false

        issue_list(issues) do |issue, level|

          if query.grouped? &&

               (group = query.group_by_column.value(issue)) != previous_group

            pdf.SetFontStyle('B',10)

            group_label = group.blank? ? 'None' : group.to_s

            group_label << " (#{query.issue_count_by_group[group]})"

            pdf.Bookmark group_label, 0, -1

            pdf.RDMCell(table_width + col_id_width, row_height * 2, group_label, 1, 1, 'L')

            pdf.SetFontStyle('',8)

            previous_group = group

          end

          # fetch row values

          col_values = fetch_row_values(issue, query, level)

          # render it off-page to find the max height used

          base_x = pdf.GetX

          base_y = pdf.GetY

          pdf.SetY(2 * page_height)

          max_height = issues_to_pdf_write_cells(pdf, col_values, col_width, row_height)

          pdf.SetXY(base_x, base_y)

          # make new page if it doesn't fit on the current one

          space_left = page_height - base_y - bottom_margin

          if max_height > space_left

            pdf.AddPage("L")

            render_table_header(pdf, query, col_width, row_height, col_id_width, table_width)

            base_x = pdf.GetX

            base_y = pdf.GetY

          end

          # write the cells on page

          pdf.RDMCell(col_id_width, row_height, issue.id.to_s, "T", 0, 'C', 1)

          issues_to_pdf_write_cells(pdf, col_values, col_width, row_height)

          issues_to_pdf_draw_borders(pdf, base_x, base_y, base_y + max_height, col_id_width, col_width)

          pdf.SetY(base_y + max_height);

        end

        if issues.size == Setting.issues_export_limit.to_i

          pdf.SetFontStyle('B',10)

          pdf.RDMCell(0, row_height, '...')

        end

      end

      # Renders MultiCells and returns the maximum height used

      def issues_to_pdf_write_cells(pdf, col_values, col_widths,

                                    row_height, head=false)

        base_y = pdf.GetY

        max_height = row_height

        col_values.each_with_index do |column, i|

          col_x = pdf.GetX

          if head == true

            pdf.RDMMultiCell(col_widths[i], row_height, column.caption, "T", 'L', 1)

          else

            pdf.RDMMultiCell(col_widths[i], row_height, column, "T", 'L', 1)

          end

          max_height = (pdf.GetY - base_y) if (pdf.GetY - base_y) > max_height

          pdf.SetXY(col_x + col_widths[i], base_y);

        end

        return max_height

      end

      # Draw lines to close the row (MultiCell border drawing in not uniform)

      def issues_to_pdf_draw_borders(pdf, top_x, top_y, lower_y,

                                     id_width, col_widths)

        col_x = top_x + id_width

        pdf.Line(col_x, top_y, col_x, lower_y)    # id right border

        col_widths.each do |width|

          col_x += width

          pdf.Line(col_x, top_y, col_x, lower_y)  # columns right border

        end

        pdf.Line(top_x, top_y, top_x, lower_y)    # left border

        pdf.Line(top_x, lower_y, col_x, lower_y)  # bottom border

      end

      # Returns a PDF string of a single issue

      def issue_to_pdf(issue)

        pdf = ITCPDF.new(current_language)

        issue_to_pdf_header(pdf, issue)

        issue_to_pdf_content(pdf, issue)

        pdf.Output

      end

      def issue_to_pdf_header(pdf, issue)

        pdf.SetTitle("#{issue.project} - ##{issue.tracker} #{issue.id}")

        pdf.alias_nb_pages

        pdf.footer_date = format_date(Date.today)

      end

      def issue_to_pdf_content(pdf,issue)

        pdf.AddPage

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',11)

        buf = "#{issue.project} - #{issue.tracker} # #{issue.id}"

        pdf.RDMMultiCell(190, 5, buf)

        pdf.Ln

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',8)

        base_x = pdf.GetX

        i = 1

        issue.ancestors.each do |ancestor|

          pdf.SetX(base_x + i)

          buf = "#{ancestor.tracker} # #{ancestor.id} (#{ancestor.status.to_s}): #{ancestor.subject}"

          pdf.RDMMultiCell(190 - i, 5, buf)

          i += 1 if i < 35

        end

        pdf.Ln

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_status) + ":","LT")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, issue.status.to_s,"RT")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_priority) + ":","LT")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, issue.priority.to_s,"RT")

        pdf.Ln

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_author) + ":","L")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, issue.author.to_s,"R")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_category) + ":","L")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, issue.category.to_s,"R")

        pdf.Ln

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_created_on) + ":","L")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, format_date(issue.created_on),"R")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_assigned_to) + ":","L")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, issue.assigned_to.to_s,"R")

        pdf.Ln

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_updated_on) + ":","LB")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, format_date(issue.updated_on),"RB")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_due_date) + ":","LB")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(60,5, format_date(issue.due_date),"RB")

        pdf.Ln

        for custom_value in issue.custom_field_values

          pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

          pdf.RDMCell(35,5, custom_value.custom_field.name + ":","L")

          pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

          pdf.RDMMultiCell(155,5, (show_value custom_value),"R")

        end

        y0 = pdf.GetY

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35,5, l(:field_subject) + ":","LT")

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        pdf.RDMMultiCell(155,5, issue.subject,"RT")

        pdf.Line(pdf.GetX, y0, pdf.GetX, pdf.GetY)

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(35+155, 5, l(:field_description), "LRT", 1)

        pdf.SetFontStyle('',9)

        # Set resize image scale

        pdf.SetImageScale(1.6)

        pdf.RDMwriteHTMLCell(35+155, 5, 0, 0,

              issue.description.to_s, issue.attachments, "LRB")

        unless issue.leaf?

          # for CJK

          truncate_length = ( l(:general_pdf_encoding).upcase == "UTF-8" ? 90 : 65 )

          pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

          pdf.RDMCell(35+155,5, l(:label_subtask_plural) + ":", "LTR")

          pdf.Ln

          issue_list(issue.descendants.sort_by(&:lft)) do |child, level|

            buf = truncate("#{child.tracker} # #{child.id}: #{child.subject}",

                           :length => truncate_length)

            level = 10 if level >= 10

            pdf.SetFontStyle('',8)

            pdf.RDMCell(35+135,5, (level >=1 ? "  " * level : "") + buf, "L")

            pdf.SetFontStyle('B',8)

            pdf.RDMCell(20,5, child.status.to_s, "R")

            pdf.Ln

          end

        end

        relations = issue.relations.select { |r| r.other_issue(issue).visible? }

        unless relations.empty?

          # for CJK

          truncate_length = ( l(:general_pdf_encoding).upcase == "UTF-8" ? 80 : 60 )

          pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

          pdf.RDMCell(35+155,5, l(:label_related_issues) + ":", "LTR")

          pdf.Ln

          relations.each do |relation|

            buf = ""

            buf += "#{l(relation.label_for(issue))} "

            if relation.delay && relation.delay != 0

              buf += "(#{l('datetime.distance_in_words.x_days', :count => relation.delay)}) "

            end

            if Setting.cross_project_issue_relations?

              buf += "#{relation.other_issue(issue).project} - "

            end

            buf += "#{relation.other_issue(issue).tracker}" +

                   " # #{relation.other_issue(issue).id}: #{relation.other_issue(issue).subject}"

            buf = truncate(buf, :length => truncate_length)

            pdf.SetFontStyle('', 8)

            pdf.RDMCell(35+155-60, 5, buf, "L")

            pdf.SetFontStyle('B',8)

            pdf.RDMCell(20,5, relation.other_issue(issue).status.to_s, "")

            pdf.RDMCell(20,5, format_date(relation.other_issue(issue).start_date), "")

            pdf.RDMCell(20,5, format_date(relation.other_issue(issue).due_date), "R")

            pdf.Ln

          end

        end

        pdf.RDMCell(190,5, "", "T")

        pdf.Ln

        if issue.changesets.any? &&

             User.current.allowed_to?(:view_changesets, issue.project)

          pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

          pdf.RDMCell(190,5, l(:label_associated_revisions), "B")

          pdf.Ln

          for changeset in issue.changesets

            pdf.SetFontStyle('B',8)

            csstr  = "#{l(:label_revision)} #{changeset.format_identifier} - "

            csstr += format_time(changeset.committed_on) + " - " + changeset.author.to_s

            pdf.RDMCell(190, 5, csstr)

            pdf.Ln

            unless changeset.comments.blank?

              pdf.SetFontStyle('',8)

              pdf.RDMwriteHTMLCell(190,5,0,0,

                    changeset.comments.to_s, issue.attachments, "")

            end

            pdf.Ln

          end

        end

        pdf.SetFontStyle('B',9)

        pdf.RDMCell(190,5, l(:label_history), "B")

        pdf.Ln

        indice = 0

        for journal in issue.journals.find(

                          :all, :include => [:user, :details],

                          :order => "#{Journal.table_name}.created_on ASC")

          indice = indice + 1

          pdf.SetFontStyle('B',8)

          pdf.RDMCell(190,5,

             "#" + indice.to_s +

             " - " + format_time(journal.created_on) +

             " - " + journal.user.name)

          pdf.Ln

          pdf.SetFontStyle('I',8)

          details_to_strings(journal.details, true).each do |string|

            pdf.RDMMultiCell(190,5, "- " + string)

          end

          if journal.notes?

            pdf.Ln unless journal.details.empty?

            pdf.SetFontStyle('',8)